Know the Seismic Waves

Earthquake is a jolt in the earth's crust as a companion symptom of tectonic, volcanism activity, or debris that occurs in the earth. At the time of the earthquake, we can feel the vibrations or shocks on where we stand. Earth rocked sideways and upwards. Vibration or shock is seismic waves.

Seismic waves are very low frequency waves that spread through the earth. The emergence of the seismic waves caused by a shift in the Earth's crust segments or can be generated from the explosion at the top of the crust.

The rate of amplitude and direction of propagation of seismic waves depends on the type of seismic waves and the material in its path. Seismograph record the amplitude and frequency of seismic waves and generate information about the earth and the subsurface structure of the earth.

Types of seismic wave. (Picture from: http://www.physics.unc.edu/)

Seismic waves generated naturally as a result of shifting crust (plates) of the earth to the attention of seismologists (seismologists) and physicists to determine the center of the earth quake. While the seismic waves generated artificially as a result of an accidental explosion on the upper crust of the earth useful to geologists and physicists to study the state of the earth of the earth and help search for the sources of fossil fuels.

Seismic waves are divided into two types. First, body wave. Body wave consists of primary wave (commonly abbreviated as P waves) and secondary waves (commonly abbreviated as S waves). Body wave propagates through the earth outwards from the epicenter.

P waves typically arrive at the surface of the earth as a jolt. P waves move faster than S waves, so the P wave is the first wave recorded on seismographs (earthquake recording devices) and became the first wave of people in the area felt the quake. Because it is the first, the wave is called the primary wave.

Seismic wave mapping of the interior of the Earth. (Picture from: http://www.physics.unc.edu/)

P waves (also called compressional or longitudinal waves) travels through solids, liquids (liquid). and gas, and thus going through the whole body of the earth. P waves cause the transmission medium is a liquid, solid, or gas moving back and forth in the direction of the path of deployment. When P waves traveling through rock, the waves move / push tiny rock particles back and forth in the direction of wave propagation. The result is a series of strain and pressure back and forth. This incident is similar to what happens when we pull or a slinky stretch horizontally.

In the earth, the P wave propagates at a rate of about 6 kilometers (3.7 miles) per second at the surface of the rock to about 10.4 kilometers (6.5 miles) per second near the earth's core (approximately 2,900 kilometers below the Earth's surface ). Accretion rate of the P wave to the depths of the earth due to increase hydrostatic pressure, which corresponds to changes in the composition of the rocks. In general, the accretion rate resulting P wave propagates with a curved path.

Seismic waves (Earthquakes) probe the interior of the Earth. (Picture from: http://www.physics.unc.edu/)

The appearance of the P wave was accompanied by a wave of S. S waves are also known as shear or transverse waves. The rate of propagation of the S wave and P wave arrival time resulted in two distinct waves separated when detected by seismographs. Separate arrival times can be used to determine the location of the epicenter.

S waves are transverse shear wave like a wave on the pull rope. Material moves up and down or from side to side. Like the P waves, S waves also spread to the curved trajectory.

S waves can only be spread through a solid medium for liquid and gaseous medium can not sustain shear stress. In the earth, the rate of increase of the S wave about 3.4 kilometers (2.1 miles) per second at the earth's surface up to 7.2 kilometers (4.5 miles) per second near the limit of the earth's core. S waves cause the dots on solid medium moves back and forth perpendicular to the direction of the spread of the wave. When the S waves move, these waves move rock particles outward and push the particles perpendicular to the wave trajectory. It results in the first period roling associated with earthquakes.

The second type of seismic waves are surface waves. Surface waves sometimes resemble waves in the water that moves up and down the earth's surface.

Animation of seismic waves. (Picture from: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/)

This animation shows the seismic waves generated by the 2002 Denali Fault earthquake. P-waves are shown in red; S-waves are shown in blue; Surface waves are shown in yellow. Phase arrival times are indicated on the vertical (Z) seismograms displayed at the top of the animation.

Seismograms are shown for:
COLA: College, Alaska
PFO: Pinyon Flat Observatory, California
SSPA: Standing Stone, Pennsylvania
CTAO: Charter Towers, Australia
DBIC: Dimbokro, Cote d'Ivoire
LBTB: Lobatse, Botswana

This animation is running 100 times faster than the waves actually traveled. Animation of PC program Seismic Waves written by Alan Jones.

Surface wave propagates in the Earth's surface at a rate of approximately 3.5 to 3.9 kilometers per second and slower than body waves. Because the surface wave has a low frequency, long duration of propagation, the width and amplitude of the surface wave is a kind of the most destructive seismic waves. Surface waves move the rock on man-made structures of the building foundation.

Surface wave consists of Rayleigh waves and Love waves. Rayleigh waves are surface waves similar to the rise and deployment of water surface waves. The existence of these waves was predicted long ago by a British physicist Lord Rayleigh in 1885. He was the first to express mathematically the existence of these waves.

Rayleigh waves traveling through the free surface in the form of elastic solids in the earth. The movement of these waves is a combination of longitudinal compression and dilation which then produce an elliptical motion at points on the surface of the earth. In all seismic waves, Rayleigh waves most often (all the time) to spread out and produce a long-duration waves on a seismograph.

Meanwhile, Love waves are surface waves that cause horizontal shifting of the earth surface. The word "Love" is used in the name of the wave is taken from the name of AEH Love. He was a British seismologists who first predicted the existence of these waves and mathematical modeling in 1911.

Love waves are usually spread a little faster than the Rayleigh wave. Love waves spread when a solid medium near the Earth's surface has a vertical elastic properties are diverse. Medium shift entirely by Love waves perpendicular to the direction of the spread of the wave. Energy deployment Love waves produce strong record on seismic stations. *** [GUN GUN GUNAWAN | PIKIRAN RAKYAT 13092012]

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Due to Volcanic Eruptions Cooled the Earth on the 13th Century

Scientists discovered the link between the drop in temperature of the Earth on 1258 and the eruption of the volcano. The problem is, it is unknown where the erupting volcano at the time?

"We found new evidence of the perpetrator of the largest volcanic eruption in a period of 7,000 years," said Franck Lavigne, geologist at Panthéon-Sorbonne University's Laboratory of Physical Geography in Meudon, France, on the American Geophysical Union conference, June 14, 2012.

According to Lavigne, the eruption took place in spring or summer of 1257. This, he said, a year earlier than previously thought. Traces of sulfur eruptions seen through a thick layer of ice core samples taken from Greenland and Antarctica.

At the meeting, Lavigne showed geochemical analyses of rocks from his mystery volcano. They matched the chemistry of the polar sulfur almost perfectly. The rocks come from a caldera, the collapsed remains left behind after a large volcanic eruption drains an underground magma chamber.

Other evidence collected through a circle of trees from various locations in the world. Researchers also found a history of various countries to decreased temperature of the earth after the eruption.

21 April 1990 eruptive column from Redoubt Volcano, as viewed to the west from the Kenai Peninsula. (Picture from: http://commons.wikimedia.org/)

But experts do not know where the volcano erupted. From his research, Lavigne found a match between the sulfur content in the ice core samples and the composition of rocks from the crater of a volcano.

Website ScienceNews report, the consensus of researchers at the American Geophysical Union conference on the conical mountain in Indonesia. Erik Klemetti, a volcanologist at Denison University in Ohio who was not at the meeting, speculated that the culprit might be the Rinjani volcano on the island of Lombok, which was known to have gone off in the 13th century. Lavigne would say only that Indonesia the country is encircled by the Ring of Fire has more 130 active volcanoes. Despite knowing the mysterious mountain, Lavigne refused to name. He waited for scientific work that he proposed an international journal published by.

Mount Rinjani in Indonesia may be the long-sought site of an eruption thought to have occurred around 1258 but whose location was unknown. (Picture from: http://www.sciencenews.org/)

Approach through scientific computing show on the 1258 eruption of pumice catapult as high as 40 kilometers. Burst is spread as far as tens of kilometers. Eruption magnitude scale put in 7 or equivalent to the eruption of Mount Tambora in 1815 and only lost to the eruption of Mount Toba at 74,000 BC.*** [SCIENCENEWS | ANTON WILLIAM | KORAN TEMPO 3914]

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Signs From the Underwater Volcano Eruptions

Underwater volcanoes still save a lot of mystery. Therefore, the location and the wide spread it difficult for researchers to study it. Though the intensity of the underwater volcanic eruption reached 75 percent of all volcanic eruptions on Earth.

In Indonesia, of the 129 volcanoes, there are five which are underwater volcano, including Mount Sub Marine, which erupted in 1922, and Mount Banuawalu, erupted in 1919. Both are located in North Sulawesi waters.

In addition, in the waters of Banda there Mount Niuwewerker (erupted in 1927) and Mount Emperor of China. the others underwater volcano are Hobal (erupted 1999) in East Nusa Tenggara waters.

Now, the experts find the information that an underwater volcano gave a very clear signal before it erupted. The research was carried out geological team from Oregon State University in Newport, United States, and published in the journal Nature Geoscience issue of June 10, 2012.

The team is using underwater robots to install the instrument at Axial Seamount, an underwater volcano located about 400 kilometers off the coast of Oregon. The volcano is located at depths greater than 1,500 meters and has erupted on 6 April 2011.

"Axial Seamount is unique because it is one of the few places in the world with a record of long-term monitoring of underwater volcanoes. We can now understand the pattern," said Bill Chadwick, a geologist at Oregon State University, Newport, United States.

A 'snowblower' hydrothermal vent spews hot water and white bits of bacterial matter showing that the lava flow that was erupted in 2011 at Axial Seamount is still cooling. (Picture from: http://www.livescience.com/)

The researchers used a pressure sensor on the seabed to monitor the vertical movement of the volcano. "The appointment of the ground floor of the sea has begun gradually and began to stabilize about two years after the last eruption," said Chadwick.

However, the inflation rate has gradually changed into magma rapidly around 4-5 months before the eruption. A three-fold increase, thus giving hints that the next eruption will come.

Less than one hour before the eruption, the sea floor suddenly rose as high as 7 inches. After the eruption ended, the sea floor dropped by more than 2 meters due to the flow of magma into the ocean and the lava erupted.

"Such a movement has also been detected previously in the area around the volcano on land. But not as effective as existing in the ocean," said marine geologist, Neil Mitchell, from the University of Manchester in U.K, who did not take part in this study.

A chain still attached to an ocean-bottom
hydrophone (OBH) comes directly out of
the seafloor at Axial Seamount where a
lava flow erupted in 2011 has buried the 

instrument to a depth of about 1.5 meters
(5 feet). The front of the Jason remotely
operated vehicle is in the lower right and its 

manipulator arms are visible in the upper
left and right. (Picture from: http://www.livescience.com/)

Seismic data from an underwater microphone (hydrophone) also provide clues about the behavior of volcanoes. These data suggest a gradual buildup of a small number of earthquakes (average of 2 on the Richter scale) in the four years before the eruption in 2011.

The researchers then detected a sudden jump in seismic energy of about 2.6 hours before the eruption occurred. Hydrophone picks up signals from thousands of small earthquakes for a few minutes. "When we browse, these earthquakes caused by magma rising from the volcano that broke into the Earth's crust," said Bob Dziak, a marine geologist at Oregon State University.

Magma rises to the surface through cracks and creates an explosion seismic activity greater strength. Seismic analysis can be used to see the rising of magma from the volcano about two hours before the eruption.

Whether the seismic energy signal before the eruption is only unique to Axial or may be replicated to other volcanoes, remains unclear. "But these findings are the basis to start another similar study," said Dziak.

According to Mitchell, if this volcanic phenomenon separate from ordinary tectonic earthquake, "We have a way to monitor volcanic activity in the ocean," he told OurAmazingPlanet. *** [LIVESCIENCE | MAHARDIKA SATRIA HADI | KORAN TEMPO 3909]

Assisted Robot Submarine

The manipulator arm of the Jason
remotely operated vehicle (upper left)
prepares to sample the new lava flow
that was erupted in 2011 on the
seafloor at Axial Seamount.
(Picture from: http://www.livescience.com/)

The researchers in marine geology from Oregon State University, United States, have to use a robot submarine to investigate Axial Seamount.

David Caress, researcher and engineer from the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute in Moss Landing, California, said the collection of data in a submarine robot allows them to distinguish between the eruption of lava flows in 2011 and the eruption in previous years.

The survey also enabled the researchers to map the gap which is the location of the release of lava. "The detailed description is taken from a submarine robot was able to show lava flows as thick as thin as 20 centimeters to 137 meters," Caress said.

Submersible robot is also able to see the biological activity of the newly formed hydrothermal vent after the eruption. Bill Chadwick, other researchers, see the holes that spew nutrients so quickly.

To find out the terms of volcanic activity under the sea life it supports, the researchers combined biological observations with knowledge about the distribution of ground deformation, seismicity, and the distribution of lava from the eruption of 2011.

The researchers say the Axial Seamount is likely meietus again. Based on soil deformation patterns are repeated, they predict an eruption will occur soon after 2018. *** [LIVESCIENCE | MAHARDIKA SATRIA HADI | KORAN TEMPO 3909]

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Why the Dead Sea Drying?

The Dead Sea is that lies between

Israel and Jordan. (Picture from:

http://geography.howstuffworks.com/)

The Dead Sea was drained a couple of times on hundreds of thousands of years ago. Saltwater lake that lies on the border of Israel and Jordan is now dry again threatened because of human activity.

Researchers from Tel Aviv University and Hebrew University found evidence that the threat of drought after a drilling depth of 460 meters below the base of the Dead Sea. The sedimentary record all the natural phenomena that occur in the area over the past 200 thousand years.

Drilling results indicate the salt-containing layer of tidal water at the lowest land on earth is. Of this layer are researchers can investigate the period of drought and low rainfall which caused the water to shrink until the middle of the lake.

The lake has experienced two major drought. The first period occurred about 120 thousand years ago, in conjunction with the release of human ancestors from Africa due to extreme cold climate that surrounds the earth.

Dead Sea, the view from the side of Israel across the Jordan. (Picture from: http://id.wikipedia.org/)

The next drought period occurred about 13 thousand years ago or almost simultaneously with the start of the farming lifestyle of our ancestors. Shrinkage of the lake water is caused by a cold climate.

Now the surface of the Dead Sea region are as deep as 426 meters below sea level. Surface of the lake continues to recede as if to repeat the previous drought periods. The difference this time change is no longer driven by the cold climate.

Monument as the World's Lowest Point in Jordan. (Picture from: http://forum.vibizportal.com/)

"What happened today is similar dry periods in the past. Man becomes the cause of this drought," said researcher geology of Tel Aviv University, Ben Avraham.

The water should flow into the Dead Sea, he said, are now diverted to other areas to meet the needs of farmers. This causes the supply of water to the Dead Sea is reduced drastically. Rise and fall of sea level is expected to continue if humans continue to exploit the waters of the Jordan. Periods of drought could have approached the Dead Sea in the near future. *** [ANTON WILLIAM | KORAN TEMPO 3849]

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The Monster Called Semangko Fault

People who living in Banda Aceh, many of the proud after their homes were destroyed by an earthquake measuring 9.3 on the Richter scale followed by a tsunami in 2004, completely rebuilt with the help of donor agencies. According to the donors who built the new house that is earthquake resistant.

Banda Aceh on December, 26, 2004 - Tsunami from M9.0 Indian Ocean Earthquake. (Picture from: http://ioc3.unesco.org/)

Some of the anticipated disaster socialization carried out by local governments and is always followed by the community. The lessons learned is, if an earthquake happens and sirens blaring, they must quickly move away from the beach and looking for a high building. The goal is to escape from the tsunami.

Most communities do not understand that there is another threat that lurks in which they live, ie Fault Darul Imarah. Geological Agency of Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of Indonesia (Badan Geologi Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral) noted this fault caused an earthquake measuring 6.5 on the Richter scale in 1936. At that time, nine people were killed and 20 others were seriously wounded.

In 1981, according to data from Aceh Disaster Management Agency (Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Aceh/BPBA), the movement of this fault caused the earthquake with the strength of 6 on the Richter scale. Several buildings were destroyed and financial buildings in Banda Aceh on fire. Then on 24 September 2006, the movement of this fault caused an earthquake 5.4 on the Richter scale.

Fault divides Banda Aceh with other small segments. Operations Control Center at the party BPBA, admitted not to socialize with problems related to this fault. New plan will be implemented next year socialization. Because of this, many people who do not understand about this fault. Many people who do not know the threat of fault can be a deadly monster in the city where they live.

In 2007, the Agency issued a Geological map of active faults in Indonesia. The institute is reported that there were a dozen plates on the ground that have been named by the foreign and domestic researchers. But there are dozens of other faults that have not been named.

The fault is a fracture along the blocks or plates on the earth's crust. Plate is at sea and on land with a depth of 600 kilometers, while the fault is located on land and sea with a depth of less than 20 kilometers.

Examples of fault. (Picture from: http://syawal88.wordpress.com/)

There are two types of fault, the active fault, the constant friction stores energy, and passive fault. This fault can be turned into an earthquake when the two sides rub. Characteristics, usually land along the fault point splitting or shift.

Fault is a row of deadly disasters when initiated by the earthquake. As happened in Yogyakarta, May 27, 2006, when an earthquake measuring 2.6 on the Richter scale. This earthquake causes fault Opak wake length of 40 kilometers from Bantul to Klaten, Central Java.

Fault Opak an accelerator of energy carrier from the earthquake epicenter in Parangtritis to the rupture (fault) in Klaten. As a result, thousands of buildings along and around this fault collapsed, killing 5.400 people.

Active faulting in mainland Sumatra, Semangko Fault named, which is located parallel to the Bukit Barisan Mountains. Fault which divides Sumatra has 20 minor faults or segments in the vicinity. A number of fault line right through it, namely Pulau Weh, Banda Aceh, Padang Panjang, Muara Labuh, Liwa, Kota Agung, and Teluk Semangka.

Sumatra regional tectonic setting. (Picture from: http://geologi.iagi.or.id/)

Danny Hilman Natawidjaja an earthquake researcher from the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia/LIPI) noted a number of large earthquakes that have occurred and casualties, which in Bukit Tinggi and Padang Panjang in 1927, Liwa in 1933, and Lake Toba in 1920. "Compared to Java, Sumatra active fault movement is higher, namely 1-3 centimeters per year."

In 1994, Liwa earthquake struck the city and killed 200 people and destroying 6,000 buildings. Executive Head of the Lampung Regional Disaster Management Agency (Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Daerah/BPBD) Budiharto explain the earthquake occurred on land and only about 30 kilometers from Liwa. Residents were unprepared for the disaster that comes on suddenly, so many lives.

Head of the Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics (Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika/BMKG) Kotabumi Chrismanto explain Lampung region crossed by Semangko Fault, Kemiling Fault, and Rajabasa Fault. Not to mention, Lampung skipped the meeting area of ​​the plate.

Not surprisingly, this area is frequently hit by earthquakes, especially from the Ujung Kulon, Muko-Muko and Bintuhan, Bengkulu. "I always pay attention to distance and depth. Usually earthquakes in that area has always felt in the region Krui and Liwa," he said.

To monitor the seismic activity, BMKG Lampung installed four earthquakes detector in Kotabumi, North Lampung regency; Liwa, West Lampung regency; Kota Agung, Tanggamus regency, and the University of Lampung, Bandar Lampung.

Digital detection tools all the time to send data to the vibration and movement of ground seismic monitoring stations in Kotabumi. "The problem is, it is very difficult to put it as a tool to be completely right in the rocks and quiet of the community activity," he said.

In West Sumatra, local authorities are currently focused on the threat of earthquakes (megathrust earthquake) under the Siberut Island. From the simulation results, within a period of 35 minutes after the quake, tsunami will hit Padang going as high as 9 meters and as far as 2 kilometers. "Unfortunately, the early warning system technology is still lagging behind," said Ade Edward, Coordinator of Disaster Operations Control Center of West Sumatera (Pusat Pengendalian Operasi Penanggulangan Bencana Sumatera Barat).

2010 Padang earthquake. (Picture from: http://kampungtki.com/)

BMKG has installed equipment to detect tsunamis. The problem, said Ade, there is no system to rapidly announce that information to the public.

According to Ade too, tsunami alarm can be fitted with loudspeakers every one kilometer along the coast, in the tower of the mosque, offices, schools, or utility poles. "In order for a tsunami warning information from the Operations Control Center and the evacuation order was heard by the people," he said. *** [UNTUNG WIDYANTO | ADI WARSIDI | FEBRIANTI | NUROCHMAH ARRAZIE | ANWAR SISWADI | KORAN TEMPO 3829]

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Why is There No Volcanoes in the Moon?

Despite its many craters, the moon turned out to not have a volcano. As a result, the moon has a surface calm and not much changed. Recent studies indicate the presence of near-surface layer which prevents the formation of volcanoes on earth satellites.

Moon. (Picture from: http://www.slashgear.com/)

Conclusions regarding the barrier layer was made after the researchers from the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) to test the moon rock samples. Samples obtained from the Apollo missions that took astronauts landed on the moon.

In the laboratory, researchers shot rock with high energy X-rays. Raise the temperature of firing beams of rock to be 1,650 degrees Celsius with pressure to 45 bar. These conditions of temperature and pressure to match the coat.

Analysis using computer simulations of changes that occur in the moon rocks indicate the magma is lighter than the layer above it. More interestingly, scientists from National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to ensure 30 percent of the mantle layer of the moon is a liquid.

On earth, a light coat in the amount of it will lead to lesakan magma into the upper layer, which creates volcanic eruptions. But why volcanoes on the moon was formed? There must be something blocking the formation of the volcano.

ESRF researchers seeking answers to this puzzle with a glance at the findings of titanium-rich glass, which brought home an astronaut on the Apollo 14 mission. These materials produce magma with a density similar to the surrounding rocks. This type of magma could not rise to the surface.

In the moon, this works as a wall coating that blocks the movement of magma from the mantle to the surface. "Magma from the mantle can not appear on the surface because they were held by this layer," says researcher ESRF, Wim van Westrenen.

But not forever moon without volcanoes. According to researchers, the top layer and the moon continue to cool so that experiencing certain changes in the composition. This change causes the magma turns into a lighter so that it has great power to pierce the wall. *** [IO9 | ANTON WILLIAM | KORAN TEMPO 3803]
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The World's Threatened Polar Reversal of the Earth

Throughout history, the Earth's magnetic poles have reversed direction to hundreds of times. Now the scientists observed a reversal of events began to occur again.

If Earth's magnetic field reversed, compasses would point toward Antarctica. (Picture from: http://www.livescience.com/)

Earth's magnetic poles produced by the iron atoms in the Earth's core which together form a giant magnet. A giant bar magnet in the center of the Earth is what causes a compass needle always point to the north and south poles.

However, the geological record of the soil at the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean show the magnetic poles can be reversed by an unknown cause. This change causes a compass needle rotates 180 degrees from its current position.

Supercomputer models of Earth's magnetic field. On the left is a normal dipolar magnetic field. On the right is the sort of complicated magnetic field Earth has leading up to a reversal.  (Picture from: http://www.livescience.com/)

The process takes time reversal was short, about 1.000 to 10.000 years. During that time the Earth's magnetic field weakens. "The earth will have more than two poles of a magnet to collect core strength," said Monika Korte, scientific director of the Niemegk Geomagnetic Observatory in Germany.

The weakening of the magnetic field during the reversal process will affect life on Earth. Understandably, the magnetic field is the Earth's protective shield from harmful attacks cosmic particles coming from space. Is this weakness threaten human safety?

Professor of Geophysics at the University of Rochester, John Tarduno says, without a magnetic field, easily penetrated the Earth's solar storm. Cosmic particles react with the atmosphere to create a large ozone hole over the last 1-10 years. "Diseases of skin cancer will increase," he said.

Image of the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA), the region where Earth's magnetic field is weakest, taken by the ROSAT satellite in the 1990s.  (Picture from: http://www.livescience.com/)

The weakening of the magnetic field as it is also linked by geologists from the Institute of Earth Physics of Paris, Jean-Pierre Valet, with the depreciation of Neanderthal populations in the past.

However, Korte has an opinion different from the two previous investigators for this. According to him, during the reversal process, the atmosphere works as a shield up and brushed off the harmful particles. Therefore, there would be no harmful impact on the human body.

However, he cautioned, communication technology and the power grid becomes vulnerable destroyed by cosmic particles. "It's important for humans find mitigation strategies," said Korte.

Earth's magnetic field reversals happened last time around 780 thousand years ago when humans are in the Stone Age. Over the last 160 years, scientists observed the growth of the seed magnetic field reversals in Brazil and South Atlantic. "Growth is at a dangerous level," says Tarduno. *** [LIVESCIENCE | ANTON WILLIAM | KORAN TEMPO 3794]
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Death Valley Turned Into Hell

Death Valley in the United States to obtain the name of that terrible not without cause. The valley was even able to turn into hell in the near future.

Recent research suggests that the region which lies on the border of the State of California and Nevada is hiding kitchens magma to erupt. This basin is the hottest and driest areas in North America.

The Ubehebe crater field from the air. (Picture from: http://summitcountyvoice.com/)

In 1913, temperatures in this region reached 57.7 degrees Celsius, slightly lower than the record high temperature of the hottest area of ​​57.8 degrees Celsius in Aziziya, Libya, in 1922.

Rocks scattered in this barren region known store of gold and silver. Therefore, many miners amateur trying to explore this area to dredge the earth that is not much ogled Timbisha tribal inhabitants of the desert. But the precious mineral is not only stored in the region.

At a depth of several kilometers below the desert, researchers continue to indicate the presence of magma moving closer to the surface. Approximately 800 years ago, this hot material touch the ground water layer. The result, there was an explosion.

The group of researchers from the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University explains the frightening sight during this event. Mixing with the magma heat increases the temperature of ground water, and followed with increasing subsurface pressures that drive land on it and appears to be an explosion. 

Death Valley's half-mile-wide Ubehebe Crater turns out to have been created 800 years ago -- far more recently than generally thought. (Picture from: http://www.eurekalert.org/)

Scattering ground to air led to the emergence of the crater as deep as 240 meters which is now known as Ubehebe. The diameter of the crater created by reaching 800 meters. 

Geochemists dated the crater by analyzing rocks thrown out when it exploded. Lead author Peri Sasnett contemplates a sample. (Picture from: http://www.eurekalert.org/)

By ground water pressure also causes the emergence of a deadly gas giant mushroom shaped like a nuclear bomb. On the surface, the gas travels at a speed of 200 meters per hour.

"The view is impressive. To be safe, be seen from a distance of 16 kilometers from the scene," said researchers from the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Brent Goehring.

Chemical evidence of rock samples collected around the crater showing the crater eruption is a recurrent events every 1,000 years. At the crater Ubehebe, last eruption occurred around the year 1300.

According to the professor of the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Nicholas Christie-Blick, "notes this makes the event different from the next eruption thin in geological time scale. The notion that Ubehebe had expired baseless," said Blick. *** [LIVESCIENCE | ANTON WILLIAM | KORAN TEMPO 3775]

Erupted Continuously For 29 Years

Kilauea volcano in Hawaii has not stopped erupting since 29 years ago. On 3 January, volcano eruptions celebrated 29 years without stopping it.

Kilauea іѕ аn active volcano located іn thе Hawaiian Islands. (Picture from: http://hawaiian-airlines.net/)

Kilauea means "bursts" or "very widespread" in the Hawaiian language, which refers to the lava continued to gush. The volume of volcanic materials spewed it has covered the area big enough to pave the way around the earth three times, and make Kilauea become one of the most active volcanoes on this blue planet. Hawaii residents who were born after January 3, 1983 have never seen a clean of Kilauea summit lava bursts.

"It may seem strange to us, because the children on the island to see Mount Kilauea erupt throughout their life, but it's not unusual for Kilauea," said Janet Babb, a geologist at Hawaiian Volcano Observatory.

The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory on the rim of Kīlauea Caldera. (Picture from: http://htmlhelp.com/)

Hawaii volcano monitoring agency is commemorating 29 years Kilauea eruption by holding a public lecture on the history of the volcano. In 2011, volcanic eruptions shows an exciting development. Lava ejected from a new vent in the gap zone, near the crater Napau. The fracture is a fraction of a volcano that is open to form a straight line. The new vent, named Kamoamoa, has created a lava flow that is very high.

In December last year, scientists reported finding a number of lava produced by Kilauea eruptions throughout history's most deadly, killing more than 400 people in November 1790. Now people can walk by the river of lava flowed down from the brow of the hill and towards the sea.

Eruption of "friendly" is not dangerous, unless there are people who act stupid by trying to approach the hot lava that .*** [LIVESCIENCE | KORAN TEMPO 37590]